Metallurgical Testing Gallery
Microstructure Analysis & Lab Images
Microstructure
Sensitized Austenitic Stainless Steel, microstructural analysis mapping carbide precipitation at grain boundaries evaluated per ASTM A262 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Nickel Braze Alloy, 100X, microstructural examination evaluating braze joint diffusion zone, joint clearance, and fillet integrity per AWS A5.8 and AWS C3.8M standards under ISO 17025 accreditation.
Cast Inconel 718, 100x, microstructural examination evaluating grain size distribution, dendritic segregation, and secondary phase precipitation in an aerospace nickel-base superalloy per ASTM E3 and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 laboratory standards.
Gray Cast Iron, (etched) 500x, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing graphite flake morphology and distribution within a pearlitic matrix per ASTM A247 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Haynes 188, microstructural analysis evaluating carbide morphology, grain boundary stability, and oxidation-resistant matrix structure in a cobalt-nickel-base superalloy component per AMS 5608 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 laboratory standards.
1045 Carbon Steel, (etched) 500x, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing the volume fraction and distribution of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite phases per ASTM E3 and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Interdendritic flake graphite (as polished), microstructural evaluation analyzing graphite flake classification, orientation, and size distribution in a gray iron casting sample per ASTM A247 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
625 Inconel, etched 500x, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing grain boundary carbide precipitation and secondary phase matrix stability in an aerospace nickel-base superalloy per ASTM E3 and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
1144 Resulfurized Carbon Steel, microstructural examination analyzing elongated manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions, pearlite colony distribution, and free-machining phase banding per ASTM E45 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
C93200 Bearing Bronze, etched 100X, metallographic microstructural examination analyzing lead distribution, tin-rich copper phases, and dendritic alloy solidification networks per ASTM E3 and ASTM B846 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Aluminum with Si precipitates, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing silicon precipitate morphology, size distribution, and grain boundary structures per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
MAR-M-247 Superalloy, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing gamma-prime precipitate volume fraction, interdendritic eutectic islands, and MC carbides per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Ferrite at Prior Austenite Grain Boundary, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing proeutectoid ferrite morphology and grain boundary network distribution in a heat-treated steel alloy per ASTM E3 and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Titanium 6Al-4V Alpha-Beta Alloy, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing alpha-beta phase morphology, grain size, and microstructural distribution per ASTM E3 and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Ductile Cast Iron Ferrite-Pearlite, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing nodular graphite classification, nodularity percentage, and ferrite-pearlite matrix distribution per ASTM A247 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
IGO in 8620 Case-Hardened Layer, metallurgical evaluation analyzing internal grain boundary oxidation (IGO) and alloy depletion within a carburized case-hardened steel profile per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
10kt Gold Sheet Material, 200x, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing grain structure, deformation bands, and phase distribution in a precious metal alloy sheet per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Cobalt Alloy, metallographic microstructural evaluation analyzing carbide distribution, secondary phase precipitates, and matrix grain boundary integrity per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Fractures
Crack forming before heat treatment, metallographic failure analysis evaluation identifying an intergranular processing crack propagating through a raw metal component prior to final thermal processing per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Interdendritic fracture 500x, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation analyzing a brittle interdendritic separation mode along a cast alloy solidification network per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Aluminum fatigue showing micro-striation spacing and cyclic propagation morphology, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying fatigue failure progression and crack advance per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Fracture 500x, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying an intergranular fracture mode showing rocky, facet-like grain boundary separation per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Solidification cracks showing a beach-mark progression, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying hot tearing and solidification cracking propagating outward from a localized weldment fracture origin per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Solidification cracks showing fatigue striations and beach-mark morphology, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying localized hot cracking and progressive cyclic separation within the same solidification crack sample per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Fracture initiation site showing mechanical deformation and micro-void morphology, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying localized stress concentration and cracking initiation along a component edge profile per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Shaft failure showing micro-void coalescence and ductile dimple morphology, scanning electron microscope SEM fractography evaluation identifying ductile overload rupture and tensile fracture propagation per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Joining Methods
Good braze joint, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation highlighting complete base metal wetting, uniform joint clearance capillary flow, and an optimal braze fillet interface profile per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Bad braze joint, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation revealing incomplete base metal wetting, extensive unbonded void clusters, and a fractured braze fillet interface profile per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Electron Beam Weld, 12.5X, macro-etch cross-sectional weld profile measurement showing deep penetration nailhead morphology, joint width calibration, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) boundary layout per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Base metal erosion in braze joint, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying an erosion region and parent metal dissolution at the ferrule and tube interface per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Incomplete braze fillet with joint voiding, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation revealing an irregular underfilled fillet profile and a horizontal unbonded interfacial void per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Braze alloy grain boundary diffusion, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a distinct interfacial diffusion band and an intergranular grain boundary diffusion network within the joined part per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Titanium braze joint, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying an unbonded interfacial void and a thin capillary layer path within a titanium alloy joint matrix per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
BEI ID weld 25x, backscattered electron imaging BEI scanning electron microscope evaluation identifying a localized lack of fusion defect and fractured oxide scale interface within an internal diameter ID weld profile per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Braze fillet microhardness testing and porosity, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation showing diamond microhardness indentations, gas porosity clusters, and dendritic phase distribution within a braze fillet pocket per ASTM E384 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Incomplete braze fillet and unbonded joint void, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a localized lack of capillary fill, empty joint seam, and a massive interfacial void pocket per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Fillet weld in austenitic stainless steel, macro-etch cross-sectional evaluation showing weld profile geometry, fusion line depth, root gap clearance, and elongated base metal sheet grain morphology per AWS D1.6 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Laser weld with interdendritic cracking 200x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying hot cracking, cellular-dendritic solidification networks, and microstructural phase boundaries within a laser beam weld fusion zone per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Laser beam weld 100x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a 0.010-inch weld underfill profile, joint face concavity, and rapid solidification fusion zone boundary lines per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Resistance weld with nickel alloy sheet materials, macro-etch cross-sectional evaluation identifying weld nugget penetration, columnar dendritic solidification morphology, and a 0.002-inch surface indentation profile per AWS D17.2 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Weld fusion zone with gas porosity, macro-etch cross-sectional evaluation identifying spherical gas porosity defects near the root, a distinct heat-affected zone HAZ, and weld profile fusion line geometry per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Weld penetration profile and sheet thin-up measurement, macro-etch cross-sectional evaluation identifying an 11.02 mil weld throat penetration depth, a 7.84 mil localized sheet thinning profile, and an etched heat-affected zone HAZ per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Micro-edge weld profile in austenitic alloy, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying corner edge fusion geometry, equiaxed base metal grain morphology with annealing twins, and an un-welded joint seam interface per AWS D17.1 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Corrosion
Isolated pitting corrosion SEI 50x, scanning electron microscope secondary electron imaging evaluation identifying localized pitting sites, surface pit initiation geometry, and porous oxidation remnants per ASTM G46 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Localized pitting corrosion SEI 250x, scanning electron microscope secondary electron imaging evaluation identifying cavernous pitting degradation, porous corrosion product accumulation, and acicular microstructural phase morphology per ASTM G46 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Corrosion of bronze 500x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying localized dealloying, selective element leaching, and a porous copper-rich oxide network penetration zone per ASTM G112 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Pitting corrosion 50x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying subsurface cavity propagation, a stratified oxide scale layer, and localized matrix consumption zones per ASTM G46 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Filiform corrosion 100xb, scanning electron microscope SEM cross-sectional evaluation identifying filiform corrosion propagation, an underfilm anodic dissolution track with mud-crack fissuring, and a protective coating interface per ASTM G85 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Stress corrosion cracking and intergranular corrosion 50x, scanning electron microscope SEM cross-sectional evaluation identifying branched stress corrosion cracking (SCC) paths, grain boundary oxidation penetration, and localized surface initiation pockets per ASTM G48 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Crevice corrosion at weld flange interface, macro-etch cross-sectional evaluation identifying localized crevice corrosion propagation, unsealed joint interface oxidation scale, and parent metal boundary degradation per ASTM G48 and ASTM E340 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) in stainless steel hot water pipe 100x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying highly branched transgranular stress corrosion cracking SCC paths, crystalline grain penetration networks, and an etched equiaxed austenitic grain morphology per ASTM G48 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) in a stainless steel hot water pipe at 100x magnification, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying localized biocorrosion pitting, tunneling subsurface cavity propagation tracks, and an etched equiaxed austenitic grain matrix with mechanical annealing twins per ASTM G48 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Intergranular corrosion on internal diameter surface SEI 500x, scanning electron microscope secondary electron imaging evaluation identifying severe intergranular corrosion IGC attack, deeply fissured grain boundary separation channels, and isolated grain dropping morphology per ASTM G28 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Exfoliation corrosion 250x, scanning electron microscope SEM evaluation identifying severe exfoliation corrosion propagation, a highly stratified oxide scale morphology, and delaminated intergranular layer separation per ASTM G34 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Material and Processing Defects
Alpha case on Ti-6Al-4V, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation measuring oxygen-rich alpha case depth penetration, brittle layer morphology, and subsurface phase stabilization in an aerospace titanium alloy per GE S-400 quality specifications, ASTM E3, and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 laboratory standards.
Alpha case on a titanium alloy structure, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation measuring oxygen-rich alpha case depth penetration, brittle alpha stabilized surface layer morphology, and grain boundary structures per GE S-400 quality specifications, ASTM E3, and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 laboratory standards.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in tube, metallographic cross-sectional failure evaluation identifying intergranular cracking, LME propagation, and grain boundary phase penetration at a weld-to-tube interface profile per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) crack branch, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying branched intergranular fracture paths, molten filler metal penetration network, and alloy grain boundary cracking propagation per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Shrinkage porosity in cast aluminum, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying irregular shrinkage voids, dendritic solidification network cavities, and localized microstructural porosity defects in an aluminum alloy casting per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) crack initiation 250x, scanning electron microscope SEM evaluation identifying intergranular micro-cracking, multi-phase overlay matrix structure, and molten metal grain boundary penetration paths per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Carburization within a nickel-base superalloy matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation revealing dense subsurface grain boundary carbide networks and localized environmental pitting within the altered microstructure per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
EDM recast layer on A286 Fe Superalloy, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation analyzing an electrical discharge machining recast layer, AMZ (altered material zone) thickness, and white layer microstructural morphology in an iron-base superalloy per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) recast layer on a titanium matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying an EDM recast layer, discontinuous white layer profile, and subsurface microstructural grain modifications in a titanium alloy per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Recast layer from electrical discharge machining (EDM) on a titanium alloy, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a continuous micro-recast layer, shallow white layer depth profile, and an etched duplex alpha-beta titanium base microstructure per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) thermal alteration zone with sub-surface cracking, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation measuring an EDM recast layer white layer thickness, localized spalling micro-cracks, and deep microstructural fracture penetration into the parent matrix per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Incipient melting on steel at 1000x magnification, scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation identifying localized grain boundary liquation, an interlocking microstructural degradation network, and burning boundaries from thermal overheating per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Alpha case on cast titanium at 100x magnification, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a brittle alpha-stabilized surface layer, oxygen-rich phase contamination depth, and underlying transformed beta matrix morphology per GE S-400 quality specifications, ASTM E3, and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Alpha case on cast titanium at 100x magnification, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying a continuous surface contamination layer, brittle alpha-stabilized casing morphology, and an underlying acicular alpha-beta matrix structure per GE S-400 quality specifications, ASTM E3, and ASTM E112 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) recast layer on a superalloy matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying an electrical discharge machining recast layer white layer profile, localized thermal alteration zone thickness, and an etched equiaxed microstructure with prominent annealing twins per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Base metal erosion in a brazed thermocouple assembly 100x, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation revealing active base metal erosion morphology, localized parent metal dissolution boundaries, and a solidified dendritic braze alloy eutectic phase matrix per AWS C3.8M and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Microstructural graphitization within a carbon steel boiler tube matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying nodular graphite phase formations, localized iron-carbide decomposition, and carbon migration zones within a ferrite crystal lattice per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Intergranular oxidation (IGO) within a carbon steel boiler tube matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying localized grain boundary oxidation networks, surface scaling depletion zones, and isolated graphite nodules within an etched ferrite microstructural matrix per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) within a tough pitch copper matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying extensive intergranular micro-fissuring, grain boundary void coalescence, and steam reaction cavity networks within an etched copper alloy microstructure per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Intergranular oxidation (IGO) within an AISI 8620 case-hardened alloy matrix, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying localized subsurface grain boundary oxidation networks, alloy element depletion zones, and fine microstructural degradation paths per ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Surface skin lamination defect within a rolled steel coil sheet profile, metallographic cross-sectional evaluation identifying continuous sub-surface mechanical separations, elongated oxide inclusion stringers, and structural layer delamination per ASTM E3 and ASTM E45 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.
Inter-laminar delamination in a carbon-fiber-reinforced composite matrix, microstructural cross-sectional evaluation identifying polymer interface voiding, carbon-filled PEEK layer distribution, and structural layer separations per ASTM E2015 and ASTM E3 under ISO 17025 accredited laboratory standards.